Foundations of Mythology - 870 Words

Foundations of Mythology Short Answers Jessica McTavish HUM 105 January 14, 2013 Roxanne Russell Foundations of Mythology Short Answers How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The statement â€Å"It’s a myth† to me means that it is not true or not fully true. There may be some truth but there is some false information added to the story. Myths- the rich rewards awaiting questioners willing to approach myths from numerous points of view are all open-ended fields of inquiry (Leonard and McClure, 2004). Myths†¦show more content†¦Mythology has had extensive influence on today and many years to come because there are many things that people research and want to know more about. Many people had to tell stories and talk about what they heard or what they were told because they did not have computers, printing and many other things that we have today. Many of the myths are told today that are interesting and still today makes people want to learn more which is exactly what myths are suppose to do, want to learn and believe in certain things. Today there are a lot of books paintings and many other inspirational things that makes everyone want to know what happened, along with all of us making our own myths today to pass down to future generations to come. The human experiences are great because just like a certain group of people that test the myths and find out if they are true or not but the whole time they are testing the myths they have fun doing so, along with teaching many of the myths that they are testing. References Leonard, S., amp; McClure, M. (2004). Myth amp; knowing: An introduction to world mythology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. (2005). PBS. What is a Myth? Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedFoundations of Mythology Essay757 Words   |  4 Pages Foundations of Mythology Hum/105 June 25, 2013 Gayla Nelson Foundations of Mythology †¢ How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The word â€Å"myth† can be used in so many ways and it can also have so many different meaning based on the contents ofRead MoreFoundations of Mythology Essays1378 Words   |  6 PagesFoundations of Mythology Short Answers KellyTotten HUM/105 – World Mythology Dr. Mark Vander Meer 10/12/2011 1. How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? 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He did not sit around and wait until cancer took his life, Terry Fox, like Patroclus took matters into their own hands to do what needed toRead MoreI believe that mythology should still be taught in schools, although with less of an emphasis and600 Words   |  3 Pages I believe that mythology should still be taught in schools, although with less of an emphasis and across more cultures. Myths are important parts of literature, and have complexity that is different than normal novels. Also, myths teach about the culture of their time, as well as how people lived and what they believed. Along these lines, I think that other cultures’ myths should also be taught, as they also teach about the people of their time. 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Volunteer Tourism

Question: The Orangutan Foundation in Central Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo runs tours where volunteers can assist with constructing buildings and fences to secure the wild orang-utans. Answer: Introduction Volunteer tourism is also referred to as volunteer vacations, volunteer travel or voluntourism; it is a travel that involves volunteering for a charitable cause (Wearing McGehee, 2013). It is the most popular form of alternative tourism that has witnessed exponential growth since past 20years. Volunteer tourism is a new form of tourism that takes advantage of holiday makers who wish to volunteer for a conversation project across the globe (Bruyere Rappe, 2007). Its primary purpose is to provide sustainable alternative travel in order to assist scientific research, community development and ecological restoration (Bruyere Rappe, 2007). Initially originated as a European and British phenomenon it has expanded to countries like United States and Australia. This assignment focuses on developing a Segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy for promoting the conservation strategies of the Orangutan Foundation of Central Kalimantan in Indonesian Borneo to Australian volunteer touri sts. The Orangutan Foundation helps organising tours for volunteer tourists who help in constructing fences and buildings to safeguard wild orang-utans (Orangutan Foundation International Australia, 2015). The Orangutan Foundation International Care Centre in Kalimantan currently serves as a home for around 340 displaced or orphaned orang-utans. It plays a vital role in purpose of saving these great apes. Without the OFI care centre these precious animals would be either homeless or dead. Literature Review Volunteer Tourism Volunteer Tourism is seen as one of the fastest growing form of alternative tourism (Vodopivec Jaffe, 2011). Statistics reveal a considerable increase in the number of organisations offering such services and people engaging in recent past. Individuals opting for this type of alternate tourism are defined as tourists who owing to several reasons choose to volunteer in an organised manner by taking holidays by which they can aid or alleviate the material property of various groups within a society, environmental restoration or perform research related to various aspects of environment or society (Wearing, 2001). The target audience of such form of tourism are the so called new tourists who prefer being referred to as travellers rather than tourists (Coghlana Gooch, 2011). These new tourists are very experienced travellers who look for enticing, unique, real, authentic and natural holidays experiences (Ackerberg Prapasawudi, 2009). Maslows hierarchy of needs model can be used to ide ntify the motivational forces behind suck travels. Once these individuals have met their physiological needs and safety needs they strive to meet their self actualisation needs (Herzberg, et al., 2011). Participating in volunteer tourism is the best way by which these experienced travellers can meet their self actualisation needs (Learn Marketing, 2014). The four major motivational themes that define the reason behind individuals engaging in volunteer tourism are; cultural immersion, seeking camaraderie, giving back and seeking educational and bonding opportunities. Cultural immersion refers to the ability to immersion emotionally and physically into local community and culture was identifies as a strong motivational factors behind people volunteering for a cause (Unstead-Joss, 2008). Giving back was identified as another motivational factor which presented ones desire to give back to society by reaching out to the underprivileged section of the society (Unstead-Joss, 2008). Volunte er tourism brings together the most enjoyable groups thus the associated camaraderie attracts most of these new tourists (Unstead-Joss, 2008). Volunteer vacations are also sought after by families who are motivated by the family bonding opportunities and educational values associated with it (Unstead-Joss, 2008). Thus, volunteer tourism provides ample opportunities to interact with people of distinct communities, travel groups and family members. Segmentation The process of grouping together consumers with similar needs and interests by marketers is referred to as market segmentation (Hoek, et al., 1996). It is comprises of dividing the market into smaller groups of buyers that have different needs, behaviour and characteristics and require separate marketing mixes or products (Lynn, 2011). There are four main types of market segmentation namely; demographic, geographic, behavioural and psychographic segmentation (Weinstein, 2007). It helps marketers in dividing the whole marketplace into small subdivisions called market segments which have specific and distinctive features. Dividing the whole market into small segments helps marketers in targeting the right message to right customers (Belch Belch, 2011). Thus, market segmentation helps in developing right marketing strategy for the right segment, right marketing strategies helps achieving marketing objectives, which in turn helps achieving corporate strategies that are essential for the development of competitive advantage against competitors (Goyat, 2011). The ultimate purpose of segmentation is to concentrate of force and marketing energy on subdividing in order to gain a competitive advantage within the segment (Goyat, 2011). Targeting Target marketing is a process which involves dividing the market into small segments and them focusing various marketing efforts on a selected segment or segments (Moschis, et al., 1997). Targeting comes after the market segmentation process and involves concentrating on a specific market segment and formulating specific marketing strategy for that segment also referred to as target market (Blythe, 2013). Organisations can select their target market by using three targeting strategies namely; undifferentiated targeting wherein the whole market is considered a single large group without any individual segments thus it uses one marketing strategy (Ferrell Hartline, 2012). Concentrated targeting which involves concentrating on a single market segment with a single marketing strategy and Multi-segment targeting wherein organisations focus on one-or more definite market segments and development different strategies for each market segment (Lynn, 2011). Before development and implementati on of targeting strategies it is essential to conduct a cost benefit analysis of various strategies available in order to choose the best suited strategy. Positioning Once market segmentation and targeting strategies are formulated comes the process of market positioning which involves creating a brand image or product in customers mind (Morgan, et al., 2003). It is an attempt to inspire customers perception about a specific product or brand relative to their perception about competitors products or brands (Jackson, 2007). It helps in enhancing customers perception about the experience they will have on purchase of a specific product or service. In order to develop a successful positioning strategy it is essential to have an in-depth knowledge of competitors products and the benefits desired by a specific target market. Thus marketing positioning strategies help creating an image that organisation wants to create in public. Organisations can use product characteristics or customer benefits as a positioning strategy; they can focus on pricing as a positioning strategy (Morgan, et al., 2003). Positioning strategy can be based on number of factors li ke, use or application, product process, product class, cultural symbols or competitors. STP plan for The Orangutan Foundation to target Australian tourists The Orang-utan Foundation care centre Kalimantan serves as a shelter for abandoned orang-utans. Its mission statement shows that their contribution is much more than just caring for this endangered species. They helps recognising that the orang-utan habitat is unique in its richness of biodiversity and very important for the survival of local communities who completely depend on the forest like the orang-utans (Orangutan Foundation International Australia, 2015). A marketing segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy is development in order to promote the conservation strategy of the orang-utan foundation to Australian volunteer tourists. Market Segmentation Market segmentation is a commonly known concept of strategic marketing that involves identifying subgroups of individuals who are more or less similar to each other and share common interests (Coghlana Gooch, 2011). In order to segment the Australian volunteer tourist market into smaller market segments it is essential to have a good understanding of the segmentation process and the Australian volunteer tourists. The steps involved in the segmentation process are shown in figure below. Segmentation Process Fig.1. Source: Best (2004) Voluntourism or volunteer tourism has witnessed rapid growth and diversification from being a small niche to developing into a well known tourism option for travellers who desire for immersive real life learning experiences at places of visit (Hammersley, 2014). Volunteer tourism is an alternative form of travel that at its heart combines volunteering and travel is predicted to generate 1.6 million tourists worldwide and an estimated annual revenue of $1.7 billion to $2.6 billion (Coghlana Gooch, 2011). Demographic and psychographic segmentation strategies can be used to divide the Australian volunteer tourists market into small market segments. In order to select a particular segment or segments it is essential to conduct an in-depth analysis of advantages and disadvantages associated with the segment options available. The two different market segments developed using demographic and psychographic segmentation are described below. Segment 1: The empty-nester or the older travellers Age: 50 years and above Total Travel Experience: around 4 international travels in last 2 years Description: This segment of tourist market is also referred to as baby boomers (Coghlan, 2006). They have entered their active retirement life thus spend most of their time travelling. Researches reveal a high propensity of travel in them. Motivation: Giving back to the society, interacting with likeminded people, expanding their knowledge base, contributing towards the society, learning new facts about different culture and orang-utans, enjoyment and an opportunity to use their existing skills and expertise (Zahra Mcintosh, 2007). Advantages: This market segment is considered a comparatively more stable. There are greater chances of having repeated customers if they find it a good experience (Boone Kurtz, 2011). They are generally well educated. This segment owing to their age is found to be more committed and involved in volunteering tasks (Graham, 2008). They have a deep urge to satisfy their self actualisation needs (Goyat, 2011). They are found to be more emotional and have a different view for the society. As they are retired individuals they prefer to keep a tight control on their travel budget so are attracted towards cheaper holidays. They want to spend more time with their family members. Disadvantages: They may not be very much interested to get tied to a routine commitment to volunteer. The period of travel and physical activities are restricted owing to physical restrictions. Their spending power is low. Segment2. Younger Generation Age: 18-35 years Total Travel Experience: around 2 international travels in last 2 years Motivations: experience real life thrills and adventures, discover the wildlife, love for orang-utans, meeting new people, enjoyment, assisting in scientific research or ecological restoration, learning new things and developing new skills and abilities, passion to contribute towards society. Advantage: This segment of Australian volunteer tourists is witnessing high growth. It presents ample of opportunities for future growth. They fit into flexible schedules and are able to take long-term expeditions. Their spending levels are comparatively high . They are willing to explore new things, people and places. They look forward to engaging in adventurous activities. They have high physical stamina thus can live in difficult situations. They are motivated to learn new things and acquire new skills and abilities. They are more passionate to develop a good society with healthy environment. Disadvantage: Less stable market segment. Chances of repeated customers are very less thus the organisation will have to capture new customers on a regular basis. They are not very focused and committed thus may not be too much involved in volunteering activities. They are less emotional and tend to incline more towards holidays that are fun filled at beautiful tourist places. Targeting Strategy Based on the identified advantages and disadvantages it appears that targeting both the selected segment will be beneficial for the Orangutan Foundation as they need both type of tourists, those who are committed and form a stable market as well as those who are young and passionate and will be interested in taking comparatively difficult and adventurous tasks. Differentiated marketing strategy or the multi segment targeting strategy will be best suited for the organisation (Baines, et al., 2013). It will help them develop different marketing strategy for different segments. The organisation will design unique products and services for each segment in order to meet their specific needs. It is essential that the organisation ensure that they have enough resources and capabilities in order to meet the needs of both the segments and in any case it should not interfere with their overall performance and profitability (Dibb Simkin, 2007). It is also important to ensure that the orang-uta n foundation design two different tour packages that have unique features to match the differentiated characteristics of the two chosen segment. Targeting strategy for Segment 1: The empty-nester or the older travellers Targeting strategy for this segment should be designed keeping in mind the motivational factors that influence them to participate in volunteering activities (Kotler, 2008). Tour packages should include all requirements needed by people of such age. The duration should not be too long and should avoid activities that are too tiring. People of this age like interacting with others thus activities planned should give them ample opportunities to interact with likeminded people (Lamb, et al., 2008). They look forward to developing strong bonding with family members if they travel with family. Thus the package should include activities that family members could perform together. They would be more interested in serving the local community of Kalimantan owing to their desire to give back to the society so the package should provide them opportunity to know more about local culture and community and serve them. Targeting strategy for Segment2. Younger Generation Motivational factors for this segment is much different from the first segment thus tour package designed for this segment should be different from that designed for first segment. This segment is full of energy and has a strong passion for learning and adventure (Rubinson, 2009). The tour package should include more physical activities for them that are challenging enough to attract them. It should also include visit to nearby places as individuals of this group also look for fun. They should be given ample opportunities to know new people (Yusofa Aziz, 2008). They should be more interested in knowing about the wildlife rather than serving the local community thus activities should be planned accordingly. People of such age prefer travelling in groups so they should be offered group packages. The primary purpose of both targeting strategies is to enhance customers travel experience so that they are willing to participate again in future. Positioning Strategy Positioning strategies helps creating desired product perception or brand image in customers mind (Best, 2004). This helps in attracting customers and developing brand personality that serves as a long-term organisational asset. Positioning strategy of The Orangutan Foundation should consist of three key elements; emotive expression wherein travellers would get a chance to interact with likeminded people, develop strong family bonding and an opportunity to give back to the society. Attributes of the destination, wherein travellers will be encouraged by informing them about local places, communities and culture. Brand personality wherein The Orangutan Foundation will position itself as a low cost travel agency that is involved in volunteer tourism with a mission to safeguard orang-utans and the orang-utan habitat that has unique biodiversity and is the primary source of living for local inhabitants. This positioning strategy will inspire both the segments as they can make most of thei r holidays and contribute towards the society. Conclusion Volunteer Tourism is the fastest growing form of alternate tourism which gives travellers an opportunity to serve their society. It helps individuals in meeting their self actualisation needs and give back to the society they live in. It gives people an opportunity to actually make a difference and spend some meaningful time by actually serving the local communities or being a part of scientific or ecological researches. Segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies help the orang-utan foundation in developing strategies by which they can target their selected market segments in Australian volunteer tourist market. References Ackerberg, I. Prapasawudi, P., (2009) An analysis of volunteer tourism using the repertory grid technique. [Online] Available at: Baines, P., Fill, C. Page, K., (2013) Essentials of Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Belch, G. Belch, M., (2011) Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. Chicago: McGraw-Hill Education. Best, R. J., (2004) Market-based Management: Strategies for Growing Customer Value and Profitability. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Blythe, J., (2013) Principles and Practice of Marketing. London: Sage. Boone, L. Kurtz, D., (2011) Contemporary Marketing. New York: Cengage Learning. Bruyere, B. Rappe, S., (2007) Identifying the motivations of environmental volunteers. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50(4), pp. 503-516. Coghlan, A., (2006) Choosing Your Conservation-based Volunteer Tourism Market Segment With Care - - Part I. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 2015]. Coghlana, A. Gooch, M., (2011) Applying a transformative learning framework to volunteer tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(6), pp. 713-728. Dibb, S. Simkin, L., (2007) Marketing Briefs. New Jersey: Routledge. Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M., (2012) Marketing strategy. New York: Cengage Learning. Goyat, S., (2011) The basis of market segmentation: a critical review of literature. European Journal of Business and Management, 3(9), pp. 45-54. Graham, H., (2008) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Hammersley, L. A., (2014) Volunteer tourism: building effective relationships of understanding. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(6), pp. 855-873. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B. B., (2011) The Motivation to Work. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Hoek, J., Gendall, P. Esslemont, D., (1996) Market segmentation: A search for the Holy Grail?. Journal of Marketing Practice: Applied Marketing Science, 2(1), pp. 25-34. Jackson, S., (2007) Market share is not enough: why strategic market positioning works. Journal of Business Strategy, 28(1), pp. 18-25. Kotler, P., (2008) Principles of Marketing. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Lamb, C., Hair, J. McDaniel, C., (2008) Essentials of Marketing. New York: Cangage Learning. Learn Marketing, (2014) Hierarchy of Effects Model. [Online] Available at: Lynn, M., (2011) Segmenting and targeting your market: Strategies and limitations.. The Cornell School of Hotel Administration on hospitality: Cutting edge thinking and practice, 1(1), pp. 353-369. Morgan, R. E., Strong, C. A. McGuinness, T., (2003) Productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ market positioning and prospector strategy: An analysis of strategic patterns from the resourceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based perspective. European Journal of Marketing, 37(10), pp. 1409-1439. Moschis, G. P., Lee, E. Mathur, A., (1997) Targeting the mature market: opportunities and challenges. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(4), pp. 282-293. Orangutan Foundation International Australia, (2015) Orangutan Foundation International Australia. [Online] Available at Rubinson, J., (2009) The New Marketing Research Imperative: it's about learning. Journal of Advertising Research, p. 4. Unstead-Joss, R., (2008) An analysis of volunteer motivation: implications for international development. Institute for Volunteering Research, 9(1), pp. 3-20. Vodopivec, B. Jaffe, R., (2011) Save the World in a Week: Volunteer Tourism, Development and Difference. European Journal of Development Research, 23(1), pp. 111-128. Wearing, S., (2001) Volunteer Tourism: Experiences That Make a Difference. New York: Cabi. Wearing, S. McGehee, N. G., (2013) Volunteer tourism: A review. Tourism Managemnet, 38(1), pp. 120-130. Weinstein, A., (2007) A strategic framework for defining and segmenting markets. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 14(2), pp. 115-127. Yusofa, F. M. Aziz, R. A., (2008) Strategic adaptation and the value of forecasts: The development of a conceptual framework. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 9(2), pp. 107-114. Zahra, A. Mcintosh, A. J., (2007) Volunteer Tourism: Evidence of Cathartic Tourist Experiences. Tourism Recreation Research, 32(1), pp. 115-119.

Spin

Article summary The article â€Å"Spin-Out Management: Theory and Practice† encourages managers to have effective organizational structures. A powerful organizational structure promotes â€Å"the best leadership practices, business models, and decision-making processes† (Jagersman and van Gorp 17).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Spin-Out Management: Theory and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the authors, Spin-Out Management makes it easier for business organizations to diversify their operations. This strategy encourages firms â€Å"to produce independent business activities† (Jagersman and van Gorp 16). This practice â€Å"enhances the innovative aspects of a business† (Jones 34). The approach also increases the level of profitability. This model encourages companies to produce powerful structures that can support their potentials. The article examin es how different companies such as Dell Computers, 4BB, and Infopulse have used the above model effectively. Businesses should â€Å"identify their objectives, budgets, scopes, and penetration strategies before embracing the Spin-Out Management model† (Jagersman and van Gorp 23). Relating the article to the class materials Managers should understand the relevance of Theory, Design, and Change. This article begins by examining the issues affecting many organizations today. The theoretical argument explores the importance of an effective organizational structure. This practice can produce the best behaviors and strategies in every firm. Managers should also identify the best organizational designs in order to achieve their goals. Organizational change is â€Å"a powerful concept that supports the needs of different companies† (Jagersman and van Gorp 19). These arguments support the concepts and lessons covered in class. A â€Å"weak organizational structure will make it impossible for a company to realize its potentials† (Jagersman and van Gorp 21). A powerful â€Å"business model will add value to different stakeholders† (Jagersman and van Gorp 16). The authors examine the strategies adopted by several companies in order to achieve their potentials. The presented companies have embraced the importance of the above model. The article identifies powerful aspects that can make many businesses successful. The class readings have supported the importance of â€Å"employee motivation, powerful leadership concepts, decision-making practices, Product Development Process (PDP), and organizational transparency† (Jones 28). These concepts explain why companies such as Dell Computers realized their potentials.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Practical application The above article supports the changing needs of differen t organizations. Many companies â€Å"lack effective organizational structures and business models† (Jagersman and van Gorp 16). A powerful â€Å"Spin-Out Business Model can redefine the performance of many firms† (Jagersman and van Gorp 16). Proper leadership â€Å"can also support the targeted horizontal synergy† (Jones 43). Businesses should therefore use powerful organizational philosophies in order to achieve their objectives.  The article offers useful ideas that can support different organizational changes. For instance, managers should support the changing demands of their stakeholders. Organizational leaders should also â€Å"hire and retain individuals with the best talents and skills† (Jones 48). They should also use different Product Development Processes (PDPs) in order to achieve their potentials. Managers should â€Å"also promote transparency and commitment in their businesses† (Jones 83). Managers should also manage the financial records of their respective companies. Relevance to organizational change and execution The above article offers powerful concepts that can support the goals of many firms. The article explains how businesses can use the above modules to achieve their goals. The article also highlights â€Å"the significance of a powerful organizational structure† (Jones 98). This structure will encourage a company to widen its objectives and goals. The authors identify the best practices that can support every organizational change. The concepts presented in the article can support the diverse needs of different firms. In conclusion, this article offers useful ideas and evidence-based strategies that can support every organizational change. Works Cited Jagersman, Pieter and Desiree van Gorp. â€Å"Spin-Out Management: Theory and Practice.† Business Horizons 1.1 (2003): 15-23. Print. Jones, Gareth. Organizational Theory, Design, and Change. Upper-Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2012. Print.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Spin-Out Management: Theory and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This critical writing on Spin-Out Management: Theory and Practice was written and submitted by user Emery Yang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hexenverfolgung und die Bußßag Daniel Bittels von 1629

Hexenverfolgung und die Bußßag Daniel Bittels von 1629 Free Online Research Papers Hexenverfolgung und die „Bußßagâ€Å" Daniel Bittels von 1629 Frà ¼he Hexenverurteilungen gab es schon im 13. Jahrhundert mit dem Entstehen der Inqui-sition, die sich jedoch eigentlich gegen Ketzer richtete. Die theologische Akzeptanz der Existenz von Teufel und Dmonen, die sich erst im Verlauf des Mittelalters gebildet hatte, war jedoch schon ausgeprgt. Hexerei per se war aus Sicht der Kirche kein so gravierendes Vergehen wie andere Ketzereien. So wies Papst Alexander IV. 1260 zum Beispiel die In-quisitoren an, Hexen nicht aktiv zu verfolgen und ihre Prozesse bei Zeitmangel zurà ¼ckzu-stellen, da die Bekmpfung der Ketzer im Vordergrund zu stehen hatte. Die europische Hexenverfolgung, die meist von 1450 bis 1750 datiert wird, ereignete sich in grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸erem Umfang erst in der Frà ¼hen Neuzeit und, nicht nur im Bamberger Raum, vor allem zu Zeiten des Dreißigjhrigen Kriegs. Man kà ¶nnte sagen, dass eine Art Hysterie be-zà ¼glich Zauberei entstand, welche auch juristisch aufgegriffen wurde und zu Verdchtigun-gen und Denunziationen fà ¼hrte. Frà ¼hneuzeitlichen Hexentheoretikern zufolge waren die wichtigsten Merkmale einer Hexe der Hexenflug, der Schadenszauber und das Treffen, der Pakt und der Geschlechtsverkehr mit dem Teufel. Frauen galten als besonders leicht vom Teufel zu verfà ¼hren, was dazu fà ¼hrte, dass der Großteil der Opfer von Hexenprozessen Frauen waren. Bis heute findet dies in der stets weiblichen Hexe seinen Ausdruck. Ungeachtet dessen, waren jedoch auch Mnner auf der Anklagebank. Wichtig war vor allem die Verbreitung der Idee einer allge-meinen Verschwà ¶rung der Hexen und des Teufels, die die Existenz der Kirche bedroht und gegen die vorgegangen werden muss. Die neuere Forschung geht davon aus, dass vor allem dieser Aspekt des Ausrottens des Bà ¶sen in der Gesellschaft bei den handelnden Akteuren der Hexenverfolgung im Vordergrund stand. In Bamberg war die Hexenlehre zwar bekannt, wurde jedoch lange nicht angewendet. Nur vereinzelt lassen sich Prozesse finden, in denen konkret ein Bezug des Tters zum Teufel genannt wird. Viele Flle lassen sich jedoch finden, bei denen es sich um simple Verfahren wegen Zauberei handelte und die Strafe auch deutlich geringer ausfiel, als bei „normalenâ€Å" Hexenprozessen. Noch 1625, kurz vor der großen Welle der bamberger Hexenprozesse, lassen sich derart milde Flle finden. Erst so spt – der Hexenhammer ist seit dem ausgeh-enden 15. Jahrhundert bekannt – wurde die theoretische Grundlage in juristische Praxis umgesetzt. Ein Faktor, der in Bamberg zur Hexenverfolgung fà ¼hrte, war die kleine Eiszeit, die die Ernten vernichtete und die Bevà ¶lkerung deswegen nach Sà ¼ndenbà ¶cken, aber auch viele Zuflucht bei Zauberern und Hexen suchen ließ. Ein weiterer, womà ¶glich wichtigerer Faktor ist die hà ¶here Empfindlichkeit der Behà ¶rden gegenà ¼ber Hexerei durch die aufkom-mende Zielsetzung, „eine nach Gottes Geboten lebende Gesellschaft zu schaffenâ€Å", wie Dippold es umschreibt. Hexenprozesse fanden in Bamberg massenweise ab1626 statt. Schon in den ersten drei Jahren gab es rund 600 Opfer von Hexenprozessen. Meist unter Folter zwang man den Angeklagten ein Gestndnis ab, worin sie schilderten wie sie vom Teufel verfà ¼hrt worden waren und außerdem die Namen anderer Hexen zu nennen hatten, da diese sich ja der Lehre nach zum Hexensabbat zusammenfanden. Oft wurden à ¼ber so im Gestndnis genannte Personen Dossiers angelegt und Nachforschungen angestellt. Mehr-malige Nennung bei derartigen Verhà ¶ren konnte selbst fà ¼r angesehene Persà ¶nlichkeiten einen eigenen Prozess mit Gefangenschaft und Folter bedeuten. Der Verdacht auf Hexerei war ein besonderer. Verteidiger wurden nicht zugelassen und Rechte des Angeklagten aus-ser Kraft gesetzt. Oft reichten wage Indizien, um mit der Folter zu beginnen. Erst mit den nahenden s chwedischen Truppen, die die Stadt 1632 eroberten, endete die Hexenverfol-gung. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist nun der vorliegende Text eines Gestndnisses von 1629 zu betrachten. Der Prozess geschah wohl auch hier im Gegensatz zur Inquisition vor einem weltlichen Gericht und vermutlich aufgrund von Denunziationen und Nennung in anderen Gestndnissen. Daniel Bittel, ein 14 Jahre alter Junge aus Bamberg, wurde am 11. und nochmals am 22. Mai 1629 wegen des Vorwurfs der Hexerei befragt und gefoltert. Nach der Folter durch den Daumenstock gestand er, ein Trudner (Hexer, Teufelsbà ¼ndner) und großer Sà ¼nder zu sein sowie seine achtjhrige Schwester begehrt zu haben. Daraufhin wurde er durch Beinschrau-ben gefoltert und gestand schließlich, durch seine Schwester, mit welcher er den Inzest vollzogen und diese sich danach in eine „heßliche gestalltâ€Å" mit Drachenkà ¶rper verwandelt habe, zur Hexerei verfà ¼hrt worden zu sein. Durch die Drohung, ihn umzubringen, habe diese Gestalt ihn dazu gebracht, Gott zu entsagen. Einige Tage spter sei er bei „glà ¼ck ins teufelsnahmenâ€Å" von der Hexe getauft worden und habe seitdem oft zusammen mit seiner Buhlin und der Hexe nachts zu schwarzen Messen „außfahrenâ€Å" mà ¼ssen. Das Gestndnis nennt nun immer wieder Namen, die Daniel Bittel bei diversen Messe n, die auch datiert und lokalisiert werden, gesehen haben will. Weiter gestand er, dass ihm zu Beginn der Befragung und schon im Kerker der „bà ¶este Feindtâ€Å" (Teufel) erschienen sei und ihm Mut zugesprochen habe. Außerdem habe er, wenn er Hostien zu sich nahm, diese zerkauen und ausspucken mà ¼ssen, was er bei der Kommunion auch getan habe. In seinem zweiten Verhà ¶r am 22. Mai 1629 nannte er weitere Daten und Orte, vor allem jedoch die Namen von Teil-nehmern von „solchen teà ¼flischen Dentzen nchtlicher weilâ€Å", die er dort gesehen haben will. Die wichtigsten Bestandteile des Gestndnisses sind das erzwungene Gestndnis an sich, in dem Daniel Bittel Handlungen zugibt, die den Merkmalen der Hexerei und Teufelspak-tierung entsprechen, wie die Verfà ¼hrung durch den Teufel in Gestalt seiner Schwester, die schwarze Taufe und die schwarzen Messen, und die erzwungene Nennung der Namen anderer angeblicher Hexen und Hexer, wodurch die Behà ¶rden à ¼blicherweise weitere Mit-glieder der vermeintlichen Hexenverschwà ¶rung zu identifizierten. Wie wichtig eine solche Identifikation war, zeigt auch die Tatsache, dass das Protokoll des zweiten Verhà ¶rs fast ausschließlich andere Hexen und Teufelspaktierer festhlt. Es bleibt – wenn ihn keine weiteren Dokumente nennen – zwar der Spekulation à ¼berlassen, was mit Daniel Bittel nach den Verhà ¶ren passiert ist, man kann jedoch davon auszugehen, dass er zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet wurde, da er geringstenfalls Inzucht, Hostienschndung und Gotteslste-rung zugegeb en hatte. Reference: bamberga.de/hexenverhoer_daniel_bittl.htm Research Papers on Hexenverfolgung und die „Bußßagâ€Å" Daniel Bittels von 1629Analysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayLifes What IfsThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office System

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem

Assigning Oxidation States Example Problem The oxidation state of an atom in a molecule refers to the degree of oxidation of that atom. Oxidation states are assigned to atoms by a set of rules based on the arrangement of electrons and bonds around that atom. This means each atom in the molecule has its own oxidation state which could be different from similar atoms in the same molecule.These examples will use the rules outlined in Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers. Key Takeaways: Assigning Oxidation States An oxidation number refer to the quantity of electrons that may be gained or lost by an atom. An atom of an element may be capable of multiple oxidation numbers.The oxidation state is the positive or negative number of an atom in a compound, which may be found by comparing the numbers of electrons shared by the cation and anion in the compound needed to balance each others charge.The cation has a positive oxidation state, while the anion has a negative oxidation state. The cation is listed first in a formula or compound name. Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in H2OAccording to rule 5, oxygen atoms typically have an oxidation state of -2.According to rule 4, hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1.We can check this using rule 9 where the sum of all oxidation states in a neutral molecule is equal to zero.(2 x 1) (2 H) -2 (O) 0 TrueThe oxidation states check out.Answer: The hydrogen atoms have an oxidation state of 1 and the oxygen atom has an oxidation state of -2.Problem: Assign oxidation states to each atom in CaF2.Calcium is a Group 2 metal. Group IIA metals have an oxidation of 2.Fluorine is a halogen or Group VIIA element and has a higher electronegativity than calcium. According to rule 8, fluorine will have an oxidation of -1.Check our values using rule 9 since CaF2 is a neutral molecule:2 (Ca) (2 x -1) (2 F) 0 True.Answer: The calcium atom has an oxidation state of 2 and the fluorine atoms have an oxidation state of -1.Problem: Assign oxidation states to the atoms in hypochlorou s acid or HOCl. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 4.Oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 according to rule 5.Chlorine is a Group VIIA halogen and usually has an oxidation state of -1. In this case, the chlorine atom is bonded to the oxygen atom. Oxygen is more electronegative than chlorine making it the exception to rule 8. In this case, chlorine has an oxidation state of 1.Check the answer:1 (H) -2 (O) 1 (Cl) 0 TrueAnswer: Hydrogen and chlorine have 1 oxidation state and oxygen has -2 oxidation state.Problem: Find the oxidation state of a carbon atom in C2H6. According to rule 9, the sum total oxidation states add up to zero for C2H6.2 x C 6 x H 0Carbon is more electronegative than hydrogen. According to rule 4, hydrogen will have a 1 oxidation state.2 x C 6 x 1 02 x C -6C -3Answer: Carbon has a -3 oxidation state in C2H6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the manganese atom in KMnO4?According to rule 9, the sum total of oxidation states of a neutral molecule equal zero. K Mn (4 x O) 0Oxygen is the most electronegative atom in this molecule. This means, by rule 5, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2.Potassium is a Group IA metal and has an oxidation state of 1 according to rule 6.1 Mn (4 x -2) 01 Mn -8 0Mn -7 0Mn 7Answer: Manganese has an oxidation state of 7 in the KMnO4 molecule.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfate ion - SO42-.Oxygen is more electronegative than sulfur, so the oxidation state of oxygen is -2 by rule 5.SO42- is an ion, so by rule 10, the sum of the oxidation numbers of the ion is equal to the charge of the ion. In this case, the charge is equal to -2.S (4 x O) -2S (4 x -2) -2S -8 -2S 6Answer: The sulfur atom has an oxidation state of 6.Problem: What is the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the sulfite ion - SO32-?Just like the previous example, oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 and the total oxidation of the ion is -2. The only difference is the one less oxygen. S (3 x O) -2S (3 x -2) -2S -6 -2S 4Answer: Sulfur in the sulfite ion has an oxidation state of 4.

Online Consumer Behavior - Research Prospectus (Research Proposal) Essay

Online Consumer Behavior - Research Prospectus (Research Proposal) - Essay Example eld needs to be done to see as to how a research can be done in the field, that is to say we will try to provide a research framework which will be on three main blocks; main reason for buying, adoption and carrying on with the decision, this will help analyze the behavior of the online consumer in a uniform and systematic manner. 351 articles in all are present and have been used in the field of consumer behavior over the past decade. The articles that deal with consumer purchase behavior on the internet are the ones that we will be focusing on most articles that are used were obtained from online database, through digital libraries and online databases In the recent years, B2C e-commerce has been at a rise and researchers are of the opinion that B2C will soon switch to virtual means and thus there will be no need for local stores. Having said this there are still areas in online consumer behavior that need to be studied. Specially in the section where the products are bought on the bases of their quality and where customers feel that the quality can only be understood better once the product is held and felt. Examining the literature in this field reveals that several components of consumer behavior theory have been applied when studying online consumer behavior. Although, application of the concepts is not as simple as it sounds. A large amount of difference can be seen between both type of consumers (online and offline). Marketing is considered to be the most important factor when it comes to selling product mainly on the bases of their perceived quality, which is something that is highly difficult to determine, and even if that is determined it is hard to convince the customer into going for the purchase decision without have felt the product, by just seeing the product on the website. Trusting the website is another issue that needs to be addressed, developing trust is extremely important to bring about any sort of purchase decision and also to make the

The Enlightenment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Enlightenment - Research Paper Example What best defines this age is the collection of philosophers and mathematicians that brought these new ideas into being. Some of the most famous of these philosophers were John Locke, David Hume, Adam Smith, Montesquieu and Voltaire. The Age of Enlightenment had thinkers from many of the major powers in Europe such as Germany, Spain, Russia, Poland, England and Scotland. These Enlightenment thinkers, though not Americans, had a profound influence on American history. It is through the writings of these philosophers of the Enlightenment that lead the Founding Fathers of the United States to place such emphasis on personal freedom, property rights, a balance of powers in government and republicanism. The very best way to see the influence the Age of Enlightenment has on American history is to examine some of the thoughts of the leading philosophers and then trace how they influenced the foundational documents of the United States. Of all the Enlightenment thinkers, John Locke was perha ps the most influential over the American revolutionaries. Locke was an Englishman, the son of a lawyer and well educated at some of the finest schools. He studies medicine because he grew tired of studying the classical philosophers. As many philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, he sought to apply reason and empiricism to a broad variety of topics. As a result, Locke wrote influential essays on government, religion, the nature of individuality, monetary policy and property. John Locke believed that individuals were important. This is a foundation belief of liberalism, so many view Locke as the Father of Liberalism. He said that people come into the world as a blank slate. He rejected notions that people were inherently sinful and should therefore be indebted to god and the Church their entire lives. He also rejected the idea that people were born knowing good from evil and right from wrong (Meyers, Cawelti and Kern, 1967). This belief in the impressionability of the individual led Locke to conclude that social institutions provided by governments were very important. Schools, libraries, and prisons all served their purpose in sustaining a civil society. Locke held that the natural state of humanity was one where the strongest could rule over the weak through brute force. A civil society was developed, nurtured and encouraged by just social institutions. This was the purpose of government. Any government that did not allow for the development of the individual self would never truly achieve the civil society, which was Locke’s ideal. He believed that certain conditions needed to be established by the government that would allow for the individual to develop a strong sense of self. Their sense of self would in turn, produce a citizenry that was responsive and active in the government. The relationship between citizens and the government were based upon something Locke referred to as the social contract. In essence, the social contract says that indiv iduals willingly give up some of their freedom in order to organize a government that places some restrictions on activities. The contract between government and citizens includes the understanding that government should only exist to serve the people in a manner that will help humanity move from a