Significance of Product Life Cycle

Significance of Product Life Cycle The concept of product life-cycle highlights that sooner or later all products die and that if management wishes to sustain its revenues, it must replace the declining products with the new ones. The product life-cycle concept indicates as to what can be expected in the market for a new product at various stages. i.e., introduction, growth, maturity and decline. Thus, the concept of product life-cycle can be used as a forecasting tool. It can alert management that its product will inevitably face saturation and decline, and the host of problems these stages pose. The product life-cycle is also a useful framework for describing the typical evolution of marketing strategy over the stages of product life-cycle. This will help in taking sound marketing decisions at different stages of the product life-cycle. After a product has been developed, it is launched in the market with the help of various promotional devices such as advertising, sales promotion, publicity and paresonal selling. In other words, product development must be followed by the successful introduction of the product in the market. For this, planning for introduction of the product starts during the process of product development itself. Every firm makes sale projections during introduction, growth and maturity stage of the product life-cycle. To acheive the projected sales target, it formulates promotional, pricing and distribution policies. Thus, the concept of product life-cycle facilitates integrated marketing policies relating to product, price, place and promotion/distribution. The advantages of PLC to a firm are as follows: When the product life-cycle is predictable, the management must be cautious in taking advance steps before the decline stage, by adopting product modification, pricing strategies, style, quality, change, etc. The firm can prepare an effective product plan by knowing the product life-cycle of a product. The management can find new uses of the product for the expansion of market during growth stage and for extending the maturity stage. The management can adopt latest technological changes to improve the product quality, features and design. STAGES IN PRODUCT LIFE-CYCLE Product life cycle comprises four stages: Introduction stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage product-life-cycle-stages-plc Fig 1: product life-cycle Product Life Cycle (PLC) Introduction stage EXAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT SECTORS http://www.ithappensinindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/BPL-Television.jpg BPL TELEVISIONS Many products generally have a characteristic known as perishable distinctiveness.ÂÂ   This means that a product which is distinct when new degenerates over the years into a common commodity.ÂÂ   The process by which the distinctiveness gradually disappears as the product merges with other competitive products, has been rightly termed by Joel Dean as the cycle of competitive degeneration.ÂÂ   The cycle begins with the invention of a new product and is often followed by patent protection, and further development to make it saleable.ÂÂ   This is usually followed by a rapid expansion in its sales as the product gains market acceptance.ÂÂ   Then competitors enter the field with imitation and rival products and the distinctiveness of the new product starts diminishing.ÂÂ   The speed of degeneration differs from product to product.ÂÂ   While some products fail immediately on birth or a little later, others may live long enough.ÂÂ   BPLs picture in pi cture TV was eliminated at the introduction stage itself.ÂÂ   The innovation of a new product and its degeneration into a common product is termed as the life cycle of a product. There are five distinct stages in the life cycle of a product as shown below : Introduction. Research or engineering skill leads to product development.ÂÂ   The product is put on the market; awareness and acceptance are minimal.ÂÂ   There are high promotional costs.ÂÂ   Sometimes a product may generate a new demand, for example, Maggi.ÂÂ   Volume of sales is low and there may be heavy losses. Growth. The product begins to make rapid sales gains because of the cumulative effects of introductory promotion, distribution, and word-of-mouth influence.ÂÂ   High and sharply rising profits may be witnessed.ÂÂ   But to sustain growth, consumer satisfaction must be ensured at this stage. Maturity. Sales growth continues, but at a diminishing rate, because of the declining number of potential customers who remain unaware of the product or who have taken no action.ÂÂ   Also, the last of the unsuccessful competing brands will probably withdraw from the market.ÂÂ   For this reason, sales are likely to continue to rise while the customers for the withdrawn brands are mopped up by the survivors.ÂÂ   There is no improvement in the product but changes in selling effort are common.ÂÂ   Profit margins slip despite rising sales. Saturation. Sales reach and remain on a plateau marked by the level of replacement demand.ÂÂ   There is little additional demand to be stimulated. Decline.ÂÂ  Sales begin to diminish absolutely as the customers begin to tire of the product and the product is gradually edged out by better products or substitutes, for example, dial telephones and petrol jeeps. http://www.mbaknol.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/product-life-cycle.jpg Time Fig 2: product life-cycle of BPL TVs There are several reasons why the life-cycle of a product tends to be short :ÂÂ   (a) continuous research for product development, (b) simultaneous attempts by several companies in the same direction, and (c) tendency of a new idea to attract competitors.ÂÂ   Improvements offered by one company are likely to be met and, if possible, exceeded by competitors in a relatively short period.ÂÂ   If a competitor hits upon a real improvement (perhaps based on an entirely new technology) and he markets it well, both sales and profits of the original technology) and he markets it well, both sales and profits of the original product innovator may decline drastically. It may be noted that products may begin a new cycle or revert to an early stage as a result of (a) the discovery of new uses, (b) the appearance of new users, and (c) introduction of new features. As the distinctiveness of the products fade, the pricing discretion enjoyed by their producers gradually declines.ÂÂ   This is what happened in the case of many products like ball-point pens, transistors, radios, etc.ÂÂ   Throughout the cycle, changes take place in price and promotional elasticity of demand as also in the production and distribution costs of the product.ÂÂ   Pricing policy, therefore, must be adjusted over the various phases of the cycle. Product life-cycle concentrates only the life-cycle of a product beginning with its introduction into the market to the post-marketing phase.ÂÂ   However, a series of processes are to be undertaken by the management even prior to the introduction of a product in the market.ÂÂ   These processes include exploration, screening, analysis, development, testing, etc.ÂÂ   The concept of product life-cycle may be used as a managerial tool. Marketing strategies, however, have to be changed with changes in the phase of the life-cycle of a product.ÂÂ   An understanding of the cycle is helpful to the managers for a rational understanding of the future sales activities as also planning of marketing strategies.ÂÂ   Hence, PLC is synonymous with the pattern of demand for a product over time. The length of time that a product spends at anyone stage varies from product to product.ÂÂ   A product might not pass through every stage in the cycle.ÂÂ   Some products, for instance, might not get past the introductory stage, while others might not get past the growth or even the maturity stage.ÂÂ   There might be still other products that might pass through the introduction to maturity stages but might take a longer period to reach the saturation stage and hence might take a longer period to reach the decline stage.ÂÂ   Some products, for instance, might not get past the maturity stage.ÂÂ   There might be still other products that might pass through the introduction to maturity stages but might take a longer period to reach the saturation stage and hence might take a longer period to reach the decline stage.ÂÂ   Some products might even hustle through the entire cycle in an amazingly short period.ÂÂ   In certain cases, there might even be a repos itioning of a product, which might trigger off a new growth cycle.ÂÂ   http://www.dineshbakshi.com/phocadownload/product-life-cycle.jpg ÂÂ  Fig 3: product life-cycle of Facebook

In what ways and to what effect, does Milton use comparison in Paradise Lost Book II? Essay

Paradise Lost is one of the greatest epic poems of the 17th century, written by John Milton. This is a poem of twelve books describing the fall of man in blank verse, in a manner that is at par with Virgil’s Aeneid for the Romans and Homer’s Iliad for ancient Greece. Milton has several ways of using comparison, which he uses profoundly throughout Book II. Allegory, allusions, contrasts, the comparison between heaven, earth and hell, and the different arguments in the book are the most significant and prominent in his poem, and both pertain to his grand style as well as his motifs. Towards the end of book II, Milton presents an allegory of the two figures Sin and Death at the gates of hell who represent their respective abstract ideas and principles, which he develops throughout the entire poem. As they are abstract ideas, they cannot be visualized, thus Milton gives them physical attributes to further allude to the ideas they represent. Sin is described as â€Å"†¦ woman to the waist, and fair, But ended foul in many a scaly fold Voluminous and vast, a serpent armed With mortal sting.† (II.650-53) With this description, it’s clear to see that Sin is an allegory of Eve because Eve is also beautiful and â€Å"fair† on the outside, but deep inside is evil and tempted by a â€Å"serpent†, even if she is not composed of one. Also, Sin explains how she was seduced by Satan, and as a result of their fornication, conceive Death. She then explains how Death raped her â€Å"†¦in embraces forcible and foul† (II.793) and created monsters that are â€Å"hourly conceived And hourly born, with sorrow infinite To me;† (II.797-99) Both Eve and Sin are seduced by Satan, have excruciatingly painful labor, and bring about the beginning of mortality for all of mankind as a result of sin. Milton has created Sin as an allegory of the whole concept of sin, and furthermore, suggested that women accomplish their sin by being seductive and beautiful, yet evil and serpent-like. Death on the other hand, is a shadow-like creature, described as having a â€Å"†¦head The likeness of a kingly crown had on.† (II.672-73) He is allegorically the consequence of both Sin and Satan’s sin. Interestingly enough, Death is in control of his condition, and instead of enduring suffering himself, he enjoys inflicting human pain. This can clearly be seen as a symbolic, comparative representation of death on earth and how it often inflicts human pain, as well as the way in which us humans are not in control of it. The effect of this comparative literary technique enables the reader to stretch the imagination in order to effectively draw symbolic conclusions and make logical deductions. Another effect of this technique is that it introduces multiple interpretations. For example, another interpretation of Sin and Death is that they could be the pathway for humans to enter Hell through Death, and Sin could simply be one who has paved that way by giving birth to eternal mortality, or alternatively they could be an allegory of The Holy Trinity. These different interpretations lead to a deeper understanding of t he poem, and make it all the more intriguing. As well as making allegorical allusions, Milton also makes allusions to other literary works. The first allusion he makes is in the first two lines of Book two; â€Å"High on a throne of royal state, which far Outshone the wealth of Ormus and of Ind,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (II.1-2) are an allusion to Ormus and Ind. Ormus is an island in the Persian Gulf, and Ind is an abbreviation for India. He makes reference to these places because they’re highly celebrated for their pearls and jewels. â€Å"Sage he stood, With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear The weight of the mightiest monarchies;†(II.305-7) is another allusion to the Greek mythological figure Atlas, who was able to carry the world. Milton uses references to specific people and places in order to emphasize and reinforce the grand stature of the character(s) he Is referring to, which in the above examples, would be Satan and Beelzebub respectively. Another purpose of his allusions is to further extend the reader’s imagination and understanding, whilst creating vivid imagery in the reader’s mind, through comparisons. Lastly, these allusions are important in his work because they not only make his writing exotic, but they also add a lot of weight and grandeur to his style. Another comparative literary feature that is quite prominent in Milton’s works is the use of contrasts, such as antitheses and oxymoron’s. These figures of speech are important in Paradise Lost because they are used to convey and accentuate vivid, yet unorthodox imagery. â€Å"To that bad eminence† (II.6) and â€Å"†¦this darkness light†(II.220) are among his many uses of oxymoron’s. This poetic device not only extends the imagery of the poem, but it also heightens the message or emotion behind it in a non-literal sense. A powerful example of antithesis which is not in Book II, but was still discussed in class is, â€Å"Hee for God only, Shee for God in him†. This is a powerful example because Milton has conveyed sharply contrasting ideas in an emphatic, yet adorning way. Accompanying this feature are the contrasts between light and dark to convey good or bad. With this, his contrasts also include high and low (in terms of altitude or status), and God and Satan. Milton’s strong imagery of light and darkness to convey these contrary ideas could be attributed to his blindness. Although he describes Satan as a powerful being, he generally describes hell as dark, fiery and very low, as opposed to heaven which is described as light and highly exalted. This can be noted in â€Å"What can be worse Than to dwell here, driven out from bliss, condemned In this abhorred deep to utter woe; Where pain of unextinguishable fire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (II.85) and a few lines later he states â€Å"He from Heaven’s higth†(II.190) Contrasts like these are important because they help us to further extend our understanding of Milton’s paradigms of food and bad, and from this, we can deduce that the absence of light in Hell and in Satan symbolize the absence of God in all his glory. Milton’s contrasts of light and dark, and high and low to convey good and bad are also used to contrast Heaven, Hell and Earth. Milton presents a hierarchy based on the proximity to God. Heaven is at the top of the hierarchy where â€Å"Heaven’s high Arbitrator† (II.359) sits, and the primary quality is light. Hell is at the very bottom of the hierarchy and is portrayed as the antithesis of heaven, which is primarily dark. â€Å"As he our darkness, cannot we his light†(II.269) Is a phrase which best portrays the strong contrasts between the two places. Earth is depicted as the young, vulnerable middle-ground connected to both Heaven and Earth. It is also the battlefield that Beelzebub suggests they try to corrupt because he knows that although there is goodness on earth, it is not at par with that of Heaven’s, and is thus able to be defeated. It is portrayed as the neutral middle-ground by Beelzebub who states that the new race of man is â€Å"To be created like to us, though less In power an excellence, but favoured more Of him who rules above;† (II.349-351) Also, Milton’s geographical description of hell has similar physical features as earth (Mountains, rivers, valleys), however, the only difference is that hell has the worst in nature. Milton describes hell as â€Å"†¦dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land Thaws not,† (II.588-90) with streams â€Å"Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage.† (II.581) By knowing that Hell is the degenerated form of nature, and that Earth is the middle-ground, we can deduce that Heaven is the more natural and aesthetically pleasing form of nature. This further highlights the hierarchical contrast between the three places. An interesting observation I made was that Earth is connected to heaven with a gold chain and connected to hell through a dark gulf (Chaos and Night). This shows the contrast between the journey to Heaven and Hell. Milton is implying that throughout life, Man must choose to make the difficult, strenuous journey up the gold chain into Heaven, or take the easy way and perambulate down to Heaven through the wide gulf. These hierarchical contrasts and comparisons not only give clarity to the settings in the poem, but also give us a deeper understanding of the nature of the characters in the story. Most importantly, it provides a philosophical and theological context for the poem and it gives us deeper insight into the beliefs and prin ciples that Milton adheres to, without being persuasive. The hierarchy and balance of good and evil are also portrayed and compared through the different speeches given by arch devils Moloch, Belial, Mammon and Beelzebub. Milton seems to depict a certain balance between good and evil or Heaven and Hell, and from that, it is clear that he believes that good will always reign over evil. The first arch devil to speak is Moloch. He proposes open warfare on a battlefield. He believes they have nothing to lose because â€Å"What can be worse Than to swell here, driven out from bliss, condemned In this abhorred deep to utter woe;† (II.85-87) So he clearly believes that nothing can be worse than living in hell anyway. Lastly, he says even if they are defeated in the battle â€Å"†¦if not victory, is yet revenge†(II.1.5). The second speaker is Belial who disagrees and suggests that they stay in hell in the hope that God will forgives them, or over time, they will grow used to the eternal pain and suffering. He has based his reasoning on the belief that even if God could kill them, he never would, and because he is almighty, he can see everything they are doing, and thus, they might be subjected to an even worse hell. The third speaker, Mammon, disagrees to both proposals and suggests that they build a kingdom in hell that will someday be equal to Heaven, because open warfare would be unavailing, and they would not want to go back to living in heaven eternally anyway. Finally, Beelzebub proposes that they do neither. He states that war will be futile because there is no place where God does not reign, so instead, Beelzebub tells them of a new race that God created called â€Å"Man†, and suggests that they seek revenge against him by seducing Man to their side. This is the decision that is unanimously agreed upon. All these proposal’s present Milton’s views about the balance of good and evil, as well as his theological beliefs. The first proposal is rejected because open warfare between Heaven and Hell would be ineffective as Heaven and righteousness will always conquer evil. Belial’s proposal is dismissed because the fallen angels would never be forgiven by God because evil will never go away, thus, the fallen angels will always exist. Finally, as Mammon suggests, there will never be peace between Heaven and Hell because Hell will never match up to Heaven’s greatness, and although Hell will always exist, it will always be under God’s control. The reason Beelzebub’s proposal is agreed upon is because Milton believes that Earth, and therefore Mankind, is the neutral, middle-ground between Heaven and Hell, Angels and Devils, as well as good and evil. It therefore serves as an effective battleground for good and evil forces on earth, as well as in the souls and consciences of mankind. The effect of these comparisons gives us further insight into the beliefs of the philosophical and theological elements in Milton’s time period, as well as the relative forces of good and evil, and how they effect the lives of mankind. In conclusion, there are various ways that Milton uses comparison in Paradise Lost, which each have different effects that range from the introduction of multiple interpretations, to simply extending our understanding of the story through vivid imagery. The comparisons that Milton uses are so complex that they are all connected in some way or other, and this alone gives us an even deeper understanding of the theological and philosophical messages conveyed in the poem. Ultimately, Milton’s intension was to tell the story of Man’s fall, and with his comparisons, he has managed to do much more than just that.

Metapardigm concepts of nursing Essay

Introduction. The purpose of this assignment is to identify and explore one of Jacqueline Fawcett’s (1984) metapardigm concepts of nursing that she identifies as being concepts central to nursing and explore how this is expressed in Judith Christensen’s (1990) Nursing Partnership Model. The following discussion seeks to analyse the metaparadigm concept of ‘person’ according to Christensen (1990). To facilitate this, it is important to discover what is meant by metaparadigm and to further explore what a conceptual model is. This will lead to a better understanding of what Fawcett means by the four metaparadigm concepts of nursing. Within the development of nursing theories, there is recognition of common themes and concepts. A concept of a subject is related to the way it is viewed and can be a way of classifying a theme when applied to a particular area (Pearson, Vaughan & Fitzgerald, 1997). Fawcett (1984) identifies the four main concepts or themes central to nursing as including; health, environment, person and nurse. These four concepts, the recurring themes and the inter-relationships between them are described as nursing’s metaparadigm. Metaparadigm is the combination of two words, meta and paradigm. According to Mosby’s (1994) definition, Meta, can mean either â€Å"after or next† or â€Å"change or exchange.† Mosby’s (1994) defines Paradigm as â€Å"a pattern that may serve as a model or example. Chin & Jacobs (1987) identify paradigm as, a generally accepted world view or philosophy, a framework or structure within which theories of the discipline are organized. According to Fawcett (1984), â€Å"a metaparadigm of a discipline is a group of statements identifying its phenomena in a global rather than specific way.† Metaparadigm is â€Å"the most global perspective of a discipline and acts as an encapsulating unit or framework, within which the more restrictive structures work† (Fawcett, 1984, p.5). A conceptual model focuses on the main points of relevance whilst ruling  others to be less important within the metaparadigm. A conceptual model has a set of concepts and statements that allow integration of them into a meaningful configuration. Mosby’s (1994, p.273) description of conceptual model (framework) as, â€Å"a group of concepts that are broadly defined and systematically organised to provide focus, rationale and a tool for the integration and interpretation of information.† In seeking to clarify the meaning and what is meant by the four metaparadigms, Fawcett (1984) describes the ‘health’ concept as the relationship of a person’s degree of illness or wellness. The concept of ‘environment’ is and includes the surroundings or context the person moves in and interacts with e.g. home, work, roles, socio-economic status and the pattern of the person’s life in relation to these things. The concept of ‘person’ is any identity that receives health care, and may include an individual, a family (whanau) or a community (hapu or iwi). Lastly, the concept of ‘nursing’ is the giver or provider of health care and the activities the nurse undertakes that enables this giving to occur. This may include an individual or a system (Fawcett, 1984). Metaparadigm concept ‘Person’ -the work of the patient. Normal life for a person encompasses the ability to accomplish a wide range of activities, including those activities of daily living such as for caring for ones own personal needs, activities that allow social interaction and other activities which enable the person to live and grow (Pearson et al. 1997). If however, when a person becomes hospitalised and the hospital in turn becomes the person’s home, the person needs to relinquish roles and norms and put themselves in the care of hospital staff. The person leaves their familiar surroundings and subsequently withdraws from the full expression of the person’s usual social roles (Christensen, 1990). The Beginning phase: In reaching the point where the person finally reaches the decision to become dependent on a medical expert can be a lengthy and stressful process. Illness is not seen to begin merely when the person encounters a health professional, rather therein lies a significant period of decision making and self directed treatment in an effort by the person to control the illness, bring about symptomatic relief and leading to self healing (Morse & Johnson, 1991). The person may have lived with a period of suffering from ill health for some time because it may not have appeared to be life threatening and one just ‘coped’ with the symptoms. Christensen (1990, p.50) quotes an example of a person with a history of childhood urinary tract infections. â€Å"I just get bad kidney infections -you know -I can hardly walk†¦I just know when it’s coming and when it’s gone†¦I used to go to the Dr. all the time†¦feed me some more rubbish -antibiotics and stuff†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Reaching the point were the person initiates medical help might be something they have considered and deliberated over for some time, because they known that something ‘just isn’t quite right,’ but might have put off due to a fear of the unknown. When the person decides to engage in some form of intervention, the person becomes busy putting their life of normality on hold. They reach a point where they believe the right decision has been reached and they are ready to hand themselves over to the health experts. The person continually recounts and relays each new experience to others. This may include, friends, family or other people who are sharing similar experiences. Such information is shared many times with added information shaping and retesting issues as further information is discussed with the health care professionals. By the time the hospital admission takes place, the person has shared and thus interpreted their experience (Christensen, 1990). This does not mean that a person undergoing hospitalisation suffers no anxiety even when that person has become prepared for the event. Taylor, Lillis & LeMone (1993), found that even from the point of admission into a health care setting, the individual experiences a range of emotions including, anxiety, confusion and concern related to unmet and unfulfilled role obligations left behind. Settling In phase: It takes courage and strength to trust another, for the patient this trust is often placed in a stranger, this can be a trying experience and can jeopardise emotional security. While the person may have met their doctor before, it is still a burden to place such trust in someone else’s hands. Emotional stability, trust and security are desirable and need to be met for the person’s admission into the health care setting (Taylor et al. 1993). Assisting the person to understand and identify ward routine can positively influence this. Christensen (1990, p.66) quotes a patient’s response after having been shown round a ward. â€Å"I’m finding it much easier. I know what’s sort of going to happen†¦I think knowing what the routine was is quite helpful.† It becomes necessary for the person to reveal significant information of a personal nature to members of the health care team. Such disclosure becomes an accepted norm even though this may occur between the person and many strangers numerous times each day. Being able to shed privacy and attend to personal activities in front of others and submitting to intrusion, shows that the person acknowledges the legitimacy of health care workers (Christensen, 1990). The partnership developed between the person and nurse further compounds this, creating a feeling of goodwill and concern for one another (Christensen, 1990). Negotiating the Nursing Partnership phase: The person now looks for techniques that establish a sense of control and ensure inclusion in what is going on. The person now reaches a point whereby there is sense of trust and acquiescence, however the person may attempt to give legitimacy to the situation by trying to overcome inhibitions or lack of control by taking personal responsibility for the outcome of the intervention (Christensen, 1990). In doing so, the person becomes part of the health care team. The person accepts submission to necessary rules and procedures of the health care environment, but it is not always passive. Christensen (1990, p.87)  highlights this by quoting one of several patients. â€Å"My priorities are to make sure I do my bit to make sure this works out because the surgeon has done his bit and the nurse can put drops in. I think the main thing is my own action -not being stupid over the thing, not bending down or jerking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The person is required to meet many different health care workers. In doing so, the person attempts to co-operate and affiliate with these people while acquiescing to their expertise, fitting in and retaining autonomy (Christensen, 1990). Health professionals and the person must establish a partnership and involvement with one another needs to recognise multiple identities and these need to fit together and be complimentary (Beck, 1997). However, â€Å"acquiescing may be associated with a sense of powerlessness in the presence of the expert person, particularly the surgeon.† (cited in Christensen, 1990 p.97). If a person has trust and confidence in that expert then submission is willingly given (Christensen, 1990). It could be said that the person is the real expert as they are the only one who really knows the role of the patient and context with which that experience occurs. The person has a life outside the health care setting that they will continue when they leave. The health care team in turn, will remain behind (Christensen, 2001, personal communication). Even though a person enters into the health care setting, there can be no assumption that they are totally prepared or agreeable to intervention. New or conflicting information or coping with an unknown environment can raise doubts and that the former consent obtained was quite tenuous (Christensen, 1990). Christensen (1990, p.90) quotes one patient as saying â€Å"it came as bit of a surprise to me when I saw him hospital before the operation, the very day before, when he explained about this vision and that night I didn’t sleep to well. I thought about it quite a bit and thought am I doing the right thing?† Additionally, communication between health care personnel and the person is of great importance, anxiety can result if there is a sense that information is being withheld. The person may adopt the ‘good patient role,’ which is then subsequently reinforced by staff (Curtis, 2000). The ‘good patient’  role is seen as being counter productive to a good recovery. If the person does not take an active role in their own care, it may lead the person to not report a change in symptoms (Curtis, 2000). Patients may feel that by maintaining an outward sign of composure they will invoke a significant feeling of control. Endeavouring to maintain such composure underlies many behaviours of the hospitalised person, such as using humour in a frightening situation to mask nervousness (Christensen, 1990). Christensen (1990, p.92) quotes a number of patients with comments similar to the following that utilise humour. â€Å"Imagine operating all day! I certainly wouldn’t like to be at the end of the day if he was†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Oh, who’s this one? Arm? Leg?† Additionally attending to such activities as personal grooming to the person’s usual standard can be another way of maintaining a sense of normality and composure (Christensen, 1990). Roy & Roberts (1981) theory of ‘the person as an adaptive system’ which puts forward the idea that each person is a system utilising adaptive behaviours to meet changing environmental needs by assuming coping mechanisms (cited in Fawcett, 1984, p.85). Hardship of a temporary nature whilst the person negotiates the passage is an expectation and is generally accepted as part of the process (Christensen, 1990). Pain experienced within the health care setting is expected and tolerated, where as this might not be the case were such an event to occur within the persons home. Pitts & Phillips (1998) say there is little doubt that surgery will involve anticipation of pain for a person, due to the use of needles or knives, or other discomforts post operatively. These things can cause stress but this combined with anxiety and coping maybe extremely hard for the patient even when expected (cited in Curtis, 2000, p.82). â€Å"if I sort of move it around, it can ache a bit. It’s got a suggestion of a little bit of stinging†¦certainly nothing uncomfortable that I can’t tolerate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Christensen (1990, p.104) Once the effects of surgery lessen, the person feels a sense of hope that all is well and the time of discharge is nearing. The person may start to feel  that they are expert enough to assist in meeting the person’s needs. There is development of expertise and wisdom surrounding the person’s condition and this gives rise to being able to self-care in the future (Christensen, 1990). Going Home phase: Discharge from the health care setting does not always indicate a return to life as it was before admission. It maybe just a step on the road to recovery, with much work yet to be done (Christensen, 1990). A cardiac rehabilitation study by Joy Johnson (1988) identified some of the participants as â€Å"raring to go† but were mindful of the need to not â€Å"overdo it† and were aware that life would not be the same (cited in Morse & Johnson, 1991, p.43). Travel arrangements, arranging plans for care, learning about self medication and understanding what to do and recognition of emergency signs and symptoms are all jobs the person must learn in preparation for discharge. Not all persons being discharged experience positive feelings; some negative reactions emerge when a person readies to go home (Christensen, 1990). â€Å"I think you feel as though you are in a different world. That world is going on outside and you’re in this one and it takes a little while to adjust†¦you miss it all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Christensen (1990, p.152). Solidified realisation that their own life may in fact be in their own hands can empower the person to plan, anticipate ahead improving their own outcome. Not withstanding the person is still under the influence of the health care professionals who have instructed them in ways to do this. However, the person can decide for themselves just how much and for how long they will be compliant with the ‘doctors orders’ (Christensen, 1990). The final step is the resumption of autonomy and self-management for the person. â€Å"Torvan and Mogadon and aspirin -I was taking those and I thought it’s one of those that is giving me a headache so I’ve cut them off the last few nights.† Christensen (1990, p.155) Conclusion Fawcett (1984) identified four central themes of nursing which she described as nursing’s metaparadigm. Metaparadigm or generally regarded worldview of commonalities of nursing were identified as, including; health, environment, person and nurse. The discussion focused on Christensen’s (1990) Model of Partnership in relation to the concept of person. The reader has been taken through the persons work which has identified within it specific phases. These phases include acceptance of illness or disease, reaching a decision for action, coping with entering and passing through a period within the context of a health care setting, and finally resuming life as it was prior to the episode of contact, or life as it be following such contact. References Anderson, K. N. Anderson, L. E. & Glonze, W. D. (1994) Mosby’s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary. (3rd ed.). Mosby, Missouri. Beck, C. S. (1997). Partnership for Health -Building Relationships Between Women & Health Caregivers. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London. Christensen, J. (1990). Partnership for Health -A Model for Nursing Practice. Daphne Brasall Associates Press, Wellington. Curtis, A. J. (2000). Health Psychology. Rutledge, New York. Fawcett, J. (1984). Analysis and Evaluation of Conceptual Models of Nursing. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia. Fawcett, J. (1984). The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements. The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 16 (3), 84-87. Morse, J. M. & Johnson, J. L. (1991). The Illness Experience -Dimensions of Suffering. Sage Publications, London. Pearson, A. Vaughan, B. & Fitzgerald, M. (1996). Nursing models for practice. (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Taylor, C. Lillis, C. & LeMone, P. (1993). Fundamentals of Nursing -The Art and Science of Nursing Care. (2nd ed.). Mosby, Missouri.

Middle Ages The Beginning of a Rebirth in Literature Essay

Among historians the Middle Ages can appear as a minuscule time period compared to the fall of Rome and the Renaissance, which the Middle Ages conjoins. Historically, it may not have a substantial impact, but it was the beginning of a rebirth in literature. When analyzing works of literature from the Middle Ages, in particular Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur, politics abundantly influence the social structure, outlook, and actions of characters. The politics in the Middle Ages was known as feudalism. Feudalism can be interpreted and understood by a pyramid, illustrated in the image above. Outside of the pyramid is the pope; he has influence over all sectors of the pyramid and complete control of the clergy. The kings were found at the top†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦The coronation took place a few days later, when Arthur swore to rule justly, and the nobles swore him their allegiance† (7). Malory doesn’t only show the different social classes, but also their role compared to the king. The commoners cried and rejoiced the new king, while the nobles and knights bowed down and pledged their allegiance to their new king. They all are publicly displaying their affection and gratitude for all the future king will do. During the Middle Ages, Charlemagne’s Code of Chivalry was documented in ‘The Song of Roland.’ This code became a way of life amid the men of the Middle Ages, routinely seen and vowed upon by the kings, nobles, and knights. The original Code of Chivalry according to The Middle Ages â€Å"Knights Code of Chivalry†: â€Å"to fear God and maintain His Church, to serve the liege lord in valour and faith, to protect the weak and defenceless, to give succour to widows and orphans, to refrain from the wanton giving of offence, to live by honour and for glory, to despise pecuniary reward, to fight for the welfare of all, to obey those placed in authority, to guard the honour of fellow knights, to eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit, to keep faith, at all times to speak the truth, to persevere to the end in any enterprise begun, to respect the honour of women, never to refuse a challenge from an equal, never toShow MoreRelatedThe Rebirth Of Ancient Cultures1462 Words   |  6 PagesTeresa Fang Professor Moore Humanities 310 25 November 2015 The Rebirth of Ancient Cultures in Renaissance Florence Florence, Italy is known as the â€Å"cradle of the Renaissance† (la culla del Rinascimento). 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